India’s construction technology sector has emerged as one of the world’s most dynamic and rapidly evolving ecosystems, transforming an industry traditionally resistant to digital innovation. The Indian construction tech market, collectively valued in billions of dollars, encompasses companies revolutionizing every aspect of construction from materials procurement and project management to artificial intelligence-driven monitoring and automation. According to recent industry analysis, Indian construction technology startups raised approximately three hundred fifty-eight million dollars across twenty-five funding rounds in 2025, representing a remarkable threefold increase from ninety-eight million dollars across just seven rounds in 2024. This explosive growth reflects increasing recognition that technology can address the sector’s chronic challenges including cost overruns, schedule delays, quality inconsistencies, and safety concerns.
India’s position as a global construction tech powerhouse becomes evident when examining unicorn creation. The country has produced five construction tech unicorns, placing it second only to the United States with six such companies. Remarkably, India created five new construction tech unicorns within just five to six years, surpassing the United States which added only three during the same period.
This acceleration demonstrates both the massive market opportunity within India’s trillion-dollar construction sector and the entrepreneurial talent emerging from premier institutions including the Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and other leading universities. More than seventy-five million people are projected to work in India’s construction sector by 2030, creating sustained demand for technology solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and project outcomes while global engineering and construction firms establish capability centers in India to access talent and technical depth.
1. Infra.Market: India’s Construction Materials Unicorn Leading Digital Procurement
Infra.Market stands as India’s largest and most successful pure construction technology company, having achieved unicorn status with a current valuation of approximately two point seven five billion dollars as of November 2025. Founded in 2016 by Souvik Sengupta and Aaditya Sharda, this Thane-based marketplace has revolutionized construction materials procurement by creating a technology-driven platform connecting manufacturers, suppliers, contractors, and project developers. The company has raised an impressive seven hundred sixty-three million dollars across twenty-six funding rounds, with its most recent Series G round in September 2025 securing eighty-three million dollars led by Nikhil Kamath’s family office NKSquared, along with Tiger Global and other prominent investors.
The company’s financial performance demonstrates exceptional scale and profitability rarely achieved by Indian startups. For the fiscal year ending March 2024, Infra.Market reported revenue of approximately fourteen thousand five hundred thirty crore rupees, equivalent to roughly one point six eight billion dollars, representing significant growth from the previous year. More impressively, the company achieved profit after tax of three hundred seventy-eight crore rupees, confirming its ability to operate profitably at scale. These financial results position Infra.Market among India’s rare technology companies that have successfully balanced rapid growth with profitability, validating both its business model and execution capabilities.
Infra.Market’s platform provides comprehensive construction material supply including structural materials like steel, cement, aggregates, and bitumen along with finishing products and lifestyle items relevant throughout the construction lifecycle. The company leverages technology across demand planning, procurement, manufacturing partnerships, warehousing operations, and logistics coordination, creating an integrated supply chain that reduces costs and improves reliability compared to traditional fragmented procurement approaches. With a network exceeding two hundred fifty manufacturing plants and warehouses coupled with extensive distribution capabilities, Infra.Market serves major clients including Kempegowda Airport in Bengaluru, Mumbai Metro, the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail project, and Apple’s Foxconn manufacturing facility.
The company is preparing for an initial public offering valued at approximately seven hundred million dollars that could value the firm between three and five billion dollars, representing a significant milestone for India’s construction tech ecosystem. By expanding presence in tier-two and tier-three cities while strengthening its technology-driven dealer network, Infra.Market continues capturing market share from traditional materials suppliers and positioning itself for sustained long-term growth across India’s vast construction sector.
2. OfBusiness: Diversified B2B Platform Serving Construction and Manufacturing
OfBusiness represents India’s largest construction tech company by valuation, currently valued at approximately four point nine nine billion dollars as of October 2024, though this marks a slight decline from its peak valuation of five point one billion dollars. Founded in 2015 by Asish Mohapatra, Bhuvan Gupta, and Ruchi Kalra, this Gurugram-based platform operates as a comprehensive business-to-business commerce and financing solution primarily serving small and medium enterprises in manufacturing and construction sectors. The company has raised seven hundred seventy-six million dollars across fifteen funding rounds, attracting investments from marquee global firms including SoftBank, Tiger Global, and Matrix Partners.
The company’s operational scale demonstrates remarkable achievement, with annual revenue reaching approximately nineteen thousand five hundred crore rupees for the fiscal year ending March 2024. OfBusiness provides smart procurement solutions enabling businesses to source raw materials including construction essentials like TMT bars, cement, building materials, polymers, kraft paper, and metals at competitive prices through its marketplace. Beyond materials procurement, the company operates Oxyzo Financial Services, a non-banking financial company providing working capital financing for raw material purchases, addressing critical cash flow constraints that limit growth for many small manufacturers and contractors.
OfBusiness has maintained profitability for more than three years, a remarkable achievement demonstrating sustainable unit economics and operational discipline uncommon among high-growth technology companies. The company’s BidAssist platform provides marketing services with approximately two million unique customers, while the core procurement platform processes substantial gross merchandise value. With approximately six hundred ninety-two employees as of August 2025, OfBusiness has demonstrated efficient operations generating billions in revenue with relatively lean organizational structures compared to traditional industrial distribution companies.
The founders have publicly indicated plans for an initial public offering within the next few years, which would provide liquidity for early investors while enabling continued expansion. As one of India’s rare profitable unicorns operating at multi-billion dollar revenue scale, OfBusiness exemplifies how technology can transform traditionally offline, relationship-driven industries including construction materials procurement and trade financing.
3. Zetwerk: Contract Manufacturing Platform Revolutionizing Production
Zetwerk operates as a contract manufacturing and supply chain platform that has raised eight hundred fifty-nine million dollars across nineteen funding rounds since its founding. Co-founded by Amrit Acharya, Srinath Ramakkrushnan, Rahul Sharma, and Vishal Chaudhary, the company connects businesses requiring custom manufactured components with a global network of suppliers and manufacturers capable of producing capital goods, consumer products, and precision parts through processes including extrusion, die casting, forging, CNC machining, injection molding, and sheet metal fabrication.
The company serves multiple sectors including construction, industrial machinery, transportation, energy, aerospace, defense, and consumer products, providing end-to-end services from prototyping and pre-production through volume manufacturing, secondary processing, surface finishing, and final assembly. Zetwerk’s technology platform provides tracking and coordination capabilities, inventory management, project oversight, and logistics support, creating transparency and efficiency improvements compared to traditional manufacturing procurement that often involves fragmented vendor relationships and limited visibility into production status.
While Zetwerk competes with companies including Infra.Market, OfBusiness, and Moglix in certain construction-related categories, its differentiation lies in custom manufacturing capabilities rather than standardized materials procurement. The company has made strategic acquisitions to expand capabilities, including the August 2025 purchase of Kryfs Power Components. With approximately nine hundred fifteen employees as of mid-2025, Zetwerk operates at substantial scale serving business-to-business clients globally.
The company secured multiple funding rounds in 2025, including a Series F round in March 2025, demonstrating continued investor confidence despite challenging broader market conditions. Zetwerk’s founders include alumni who previously co-founded OfBusiness and other successful ventures, bringing extensive entrepreneurial experience and industry networks that facilitate rapid scaling and strategic partnerships with manufacturers across India and international markets.
4. Moglix: Industrial Supplies Platform Serving Construction Sector
Moglix achieved unicorn status with a valuation of approximately two point six billion dollars following its January 2022 funding round of two hundred fifty million dollars led by Ward Ferry Management and Tiger Global. Founded in 2015 by Rahul Garg, an IIT Kanpur and ISB alumnus, the company operates a business-to-business marketplace and procurement platform for industrial supplies spanning diverse categories including power tools, safety equipment, electronic components, office supplies, medical equipment, and automotive parts serving multiple sectors including construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and healthcare.
The company claims to serve five hundred thousand small, medium, and large businesses across India and international markets, providing not just products but also supply chain financing solutions that address working capital constraints facing many buyers. Moglix’s technology platform streamlines procurement processes, enables bulk ordering with competitive wholesale pricing, provides GST invoicing, and offers delivery logistics that traditional industrial suppliers often cannot match efficiently.
While Moglix serves construction companies among its customer base, providing essential tools, equipment, and safety supplies required across job sites, the company represents a broader horizontal industrial supplies platform rather than construction-specific technology. This diversification provides resilience against sector-specific downturns while creating opportunities to cross-sell multiple product categories to existing customers. The company has emphasized international expansion and supply chain financing capabilities as key growth drivers, with management stating intentions to create a one trillion dollar manufacturing ecosystem in India through enabling procurement efficiency and capital access for businesses.
Moglix competes directly with companies including Infra.Market, OfBusiness, and IndustryBuying in various categories, with competition particularly intense for construction materials and industrial supplies procurement. The company’s substantial valuation and funding demonstrate that investors believe significant market opportunity remains for multiple players serving India’s fragmented industrial and construction procurement markets where technology-enabled platforms can capture share from traditional offline distributors.
5. Powerplay: SaaS Platform Transforming Construction Project Management
Powerplay has established itself as India’s leading pure software-as-a-service company focused specifically on construction project management and collaboration. Founded in 2020 by Shubham Goyal, Iesh Dixit, and Manish Prasad, this Bengaluru-based startup provides mobile and web applications enabling construction professionals to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate work across project stakeholders including contractors, subcontractors, workers, and clients. The company has raised fourteen point nine million dollars across five funding rounds, with prominent investors including Accel, India Quotient, and Surge.
The platform addresses critical challenges in India’s construction sector where projects typically involve multiple parties communicating through fragmented channels including WhatsApp messages, phone calls, paper records, and informal verbal instructions that create confusion, delays, and disputes. Powerplay consolidates project management functions including progress tracking, attendance management, material procurement tracking, invoice generation, automated reporting, issue identification and resolution, budget monitoring, and payment tracking into unified digital workflows accessible via mobile applications downloadable on Android and iOS devices.
However, the company faced significant challenges in 2025, raising approximately two million dollars in August at a dramatically reduced valuation of approximately thirty million dollars, representing a fifty-seven percent decline from its previous valuation of seventy-five million dollars in August 2022. This down round, led by existing investors Accel and Surge, reflects difficulties the company encountered achieving projected growth targets and profitability milestones that justified earlier valuations. Such down rounds are not uncommon in venture capital, particularly for software companies facing intense competition and customer acquisition challenges in price-sensitive markets.
Despite valuation setbacks, Powerplay continues serving construction projects across India with approximately one hundred forty-one employees as of early 2025. The company’s focus on providing genuinely useful digital tools for field workers, contractors, and project managers addresses real pain points, and its ability to secure additional funding from existing investors demonstrates continued belief in the platform’s long-term potential. As Indian construction companies increasingly adopt digital project management approaches driven by client requirements and competitive pressures, specialized software companies like Powerplay have substantial market opportunities if they can achieve efficient customer acquisition and strong retention.
6. Brick&Bolt: Tech-Enabled End-to-End Construction Services
Brick&Bolt operates as a technology-enabled construction company providing comprehensive services including complete construction management, carpentry, woodwork, kitchen renovations, and home building for landowners and homeowners. Operating in Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Delhi-NCR, and Pune, the company combines technology platforms with on-ground execution capabilities to deliver predictable, transparent construction experiences for residential clients who traditionally face challenges with unreliable contractors, cost overruns, and quality inconsistencies.
In March 2025, Brick&Bolt raised approximately sixteen point six crore rupees, equivalent to roughly one point nine five million dollars, in a pre-Series B funding round from Foundamental, a United States-based investment firm that previously invested in Infra.Market. The company’s valuation increased threefold compared to its previous funding round, demonstrating strong investor confidence in its business model and growth trajectory. For the fiscal year ending March 2024, Brick&Bolt reported operating revenue of approximately forty-two point two five crore rupees, representing eighty-one percent growth year-over-year, while losses declined by ten percent to thirty-one crore rupees, indicating improving unit economics as the company scales operations.
The company differentiates itself through comprehensive project ownership rather than merely providing software or marketplace connections. Brick&Bolt manages entire construction processes from initial design and budgeting through procurement, contractor coordination, quality inspections, and final handover, using technology to provide clients with real-time visibility into project progress, expenditures, and timeline adherence. In April 2025, the company launched a Smart Cost Calculator tool enabling homeowners to estimate construction costs accurately before committing to projects, addressing transparency concerns that plague India’s residential construction sector.
Brick&Bolt has received industry recognition including awards for being the Most Trusted Tech-Enabled Construction Company in March 2025, validating its approach of combining technology with reliable execution to serve the large but underserved market of individual homeowners seeking professional construction management services. As India’s residential construction market grows with increasing urbanization and rising incomes, companies that can deliver predictable, quality outcomes through technology-enabled processes have substantial opportunities despite the operational complexities inherent in managing physical construction activities.
7. Inkers Technology: AI-Powered Construction Monitoring and Analytics
Inkers Technology has emerged as a leading provider of artificial intelligence-powered construction management solutions, specializing in computer vision, machine learning, video analytics, three-dimensional reconstruction, LiDAR scanning, sensor fusion, and scan-to-BIM technologies. Founded in 2015 by Manish Giri, Rohan Shravan, and Srikanth Kandada, this Bengaluru-based company has raised one hundred fifty-six million dollars across eight funding rounds, with its most recent three million dollar Series A round in November 2024 led by prominent investor Ashish Kacholia from Lucky Investments.
The company’s flagship product, Observance, represents a comprehensive construction management platform that processes point cloud data, images, and Building Information Modeling files to generate actionable construction insights and analytics. The platform scans construction sites using proprietary Lithic scanners that integrate LiDAR, thermal imaging, and inertial measurement units, capturing detailed three-dimensional spatial data along with thermal signatures that reveal potential issues including water seepage, moisture accumulation, and structural defects invisible to conventional visual inspections. Inkers claims its technology can scan up to one hundred thousand square feet of construction area per hour, generating as-built models, defect reports, schedule updates, and deviation analyses within twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
Since launching Observance in early 2022, the platform has been deployed across more than one hundred fifty construction sites in Bengaluru, Delhi NCR, Kolkata, Chennai, and Hyderabad, scanning over two hundred fifty million square feet while processing more than two petabytes of data. The company claims to have identified more than forty thousand defects ranging from water seepage to concrete quality issues, enabling clients including Colliers, Brigade Group, Prestige Group, Sobha Limited, and GMR Group to minimize rework, accelerate project execution, and achieve cost reductions between five and ten percent through early defect identification and resolution.
Inkers achieved operational breakeven in January 2023, demonstrating its ability to generate sufficient revenue from paying customers to cover operating costs, a significant milestone for technology companies in capital-intensive sectors like construction. The company has received multiple industry awards including the HDFC Tech Innovation Award 2024 and Proptech AI Application of the Year at Reality Plus Conclave and Excellence Awards 2023, validating its technological innovation and practical utility. With approximately fifty-nine employees, Inkers maintains lean operations while leveraging advanced automation to deliver scalable services across multiple concurrent projects.
8. Track3D: Reality Intelligence Platform for Global Construction Monitoring
Track3D has established itself as a leader in Reality Intelligence technology, providing artificial intelligence-driven construction monitoring solutions that integrate advanced computer vision with reality capture data to deliver unprecedented project oversight. Founded in 2021 and headquartered in Milpitas, California, with significant development operations likely leveraging Indian technical talent, the company has raised approximately sixteen point four million dollars across multiple funding rounds including a ten million dollar Series A round in 2025. Investors include Ironspring Ventures, Zacua Ventures, Endiya Partners, and Monta Vista Capital.
The company’s platform unifies various reality capture technologies including three hundred sixty-degree cameras, drones, laser scanners, and LiDAR systems into a single integrated solution that simplifies construction site documentation and eliminates the need to manage multiple disparate tools. Track3D’s VisualTrack product consolidates all visual data, enhancing team collaboration and providing comprehensive project oversight across every construction phase. The company’s ProgressTrack solution goes beyond visual documentation to provide dynamic understanding of construction progress by automatically tracking elements from reality captures, revealing gaps between planned and actual work completion that enable better trade coordination and resource management.
Track3D integrates seamlessly with Autodesk Construction Cloud and Procore, two of the construction industry’s most widely adopted project management platforms, enabling users to access Track3D’s capabilities directly within their existing workflows without requiring wholesale software migrations. This integration strategy reduces adoption friction and allows Track3D to focus on its core competency of advanced visual analytics while leveraging established platforms for project management, scheduling, and documentation functions.
The company serves global construction markets beyond India, reflecting the universal applicability of reality capture and artificial intelligence technologies for improving project monitoring, reducing rework, preventing delays, and enhancing quality control. With approximately eighty-eight employees, Track3D has built specialized technical capabilities in computer vision, three-dimensional reconstruction, and construction domain knowledge that differentiate it from general-purpose visual analytics companies lacking industry-specific expertise.
9. Attentive.ai: Artificial Intelligence for Construction Estimation and Field Operations
Attentive.ai has developed an artificial intelligence-powered platform that combines automated takeoff software, safety monitoring, field services automation, and real-time construction analytics serving contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and field service companies. The company raised forty-nine point seven million dollars across seven funding rounds, with its most recent thirty point five million dollar Series B round in November 2025 demonstrating strong investor confidence in its rapid growth trajectory. Though headquartered in the United States, the company has significant connections to Indian technical talent and potentially operations within India.
The company’s Beam AI product provides automated takeoff services that analyze construction drawings and site plans to generate bid-ready quantity estimates reviewed by quality assurance teams before delivery. This automation dramatically reduces the time contractors spend on takeoffs, enabling them to submit more competitive bids in shorter timeframes while minimizing estimation errors that can lead to underbidding and project losses. The platform serves multiple trades across general contracting, specialty contracting, and materials supply, providing specialized algorithms tuned for different construction disciplines.
Beyond estimation, Attentive.ai’s platform addresses construction safety through intelligent field monitoring that enables proactive safety interventions based on real-time analysis of jobsite conditions, worker behaviors, and equipment operations. By combining safety compliance with productivity insights and operational analytics from field data, the platform delivers comprehensive value that standalone point solutions focused solely on safety or productivity cannot match. The November 2025 Series B funding will accelerate development of next-generation artificial intelligence products and support expansion into new markets.
With approximately eighty-nine employees as of mid-2025 and revenue reaching approximately four point seven two crore rupees for the fiscal year ending March 2025, Attentive.ai demonstrates early traction in monetizing its technology despite being a relatively young company. The construction takeoff and estimation market represents a substantial opportunity as contractors increasingly recognize that technology investments in proposal automation generate rapid returns through winning more projects and avoiding costly estimation errors.
10. Building.ai and Emerging Construction Tech Innovators
India’s construction technology ecosystem extends far beyond the established leaders profiled above, encompassing dozens of promising early-stage companies developing innovative solutions across various construction challenges. While detailed public information remains limited for many newer entrants, several companies demonstrate noteworthy technological approaches or strong initial traction that merit attention as potential future leaders.
Project Hero represents one such emerging player in construction project management, though limited publicly available information about funding, revenue, or specific product capabilities prevents comprehensive assessment. The company appears on various lists of funded Indian construction tech startups based in Bengaluru, suggesting it has achieved some level of investor validation and market presence. Similarly, ZippMat and various other companies are building solutions for specific construction pain points ranging from material procurement to worker management and site safety.
The broader ecosystem includes approximately nine hundred seventy-four construction tech companies across India, of which one hundred fifty-nine have secured funding and twenty-nine have reached Series A or higher stages, according to startup tracking databases. Three companies have achieved unicorn status of billion-dollar-plus valuations. This demonstrates both the substantial entrepreneurial activity addressing construction sector challenges and the selective nature of venture capital funding, with less than twenty percent of companies securing institutional investment and far fewer achieving late-stage success.
Indian construction tech startups are increasingly attracting global attention, with international venture capital firms including Tiger Global, Accel, Sequoia Capital India, Lightspeed Venture Partners, and others actively investing alongside domestic investors. The February 2026 ConTech India Virtual Summit organized by industry observers reflects growing recognition of India’s importance in global construction technology development, examining how products, pricing, and go-to-market strategies must adapt for Indian markets while exploring India’s role in shaping worldwide industry trends.
Understanding the Ranking Framework for Construction Tech Excellence
Developing a meaningful ranking of India’s leading construction technology firms requires careful consideration of multiple interconnected dimensions that collectively determine a company’s market position, technological sophistication, and long-term viability. The methodology employed here examines several critical parameters that provide comprehensive insight into each firm’s capabilities and achievements.
Total funding raised and current valuation serve as primary indicators of investor confidence and market validation. Companies that have successfully raised substantial capital through multiple funding rounds demonstrate proven business models, strong execution capabilities, and compelling growth trajectories that attract sophisticated institutional investors. The progression through funding stages from seed through Series A, B, C, and beyond reflects increasing organizational maturity, with late-stage companies having demonstrated sustained revenue growth and operational excellence over extended periods.
Revenue scale and profitability represent crucial metrics distinguishing genuinely successful companies from those merely accumulating venture capital without building sustainable businesses. Companies generating hundreds of crores or billions of rupees in annual revenue while maintaining positive unit economics or overall profitability demonstrate that their technology solutions deliver sufficient value that customers willingly pay prices exceeding delivery costs. Net profitability, measured through profit after tax, provides particularly compelling validation since it confirms companies can operate sustainably without perpetual capital infusions.
Technology sophistication and innovation impact constitute the third evaluation dimension. Companies developing proprietary artificial intelligence algorithms, computer vision systems, advanced analytics platforms, or novel hardware solutions demonstrate deeper competitive moats compared to firms offering relatively undifferentiated marketplace platforms or basic digitization of existing processes. The ability to publish research papers, file patents, or receive industry awards for technological innovation signals genuine technical leadership rather than merely applying existing technologies to construction contexts.
Market presence and scale encompass factors including geographic reach across Indian cities and international markets, customer base size measured through number of active users or transaction volume, and operational metrics like construction sites monitored, square footage scanned, or materials supplied. Companies operating across multiple geographies with thousands of customers demonstrate scalability and product-market fit across diverse contexts rather than success confined to limited niches.
Finally, the framework considers sector impact and transformation potential. Companies whose solutions address fundamental inefficiencies and can drive industry-wide improvements deserve recognition alongside those serving important but narrower use cases. The ranking thus balances established giants generating massive revenues with innovative early-stage companies developing breakthrough technologies that may reshape construction practices over coming years.
Understanding India’s Construction Tech Opportunity and Challenges
India’s construction technology sector benefits from multiple favorable tailwinds including massive market size, with construction contributing approximately nine percent to GDP and employing tens of millions of workers, creating sustained demand for efficiency improvements and productivity enhancements. The industry’s traditional reliance on manual processes, fragmented supply chains, informal labor, and limited technology adoption presents substantial opportunities for digital transformation that can deliver measurable value through cost reduction, schedule compression, quality improvement, and safety enhancement.
Government infrastructure investments including the National Infrastructure Pipeline, Smart Cities Mission, and sector-specific programs for transportation, energy, and industrial development create robust construction activity driving demand for materials, equipment, project management, and specialized services. The proliferation of affordable smartphones and improving internet connectivity enables digital solutions to reach field workers, contractors, and suppliers who previously lacked access to technology tools, democratizing construction management capabilities beyond large enterprises to small and medium contractors.
However, construction tech companies face significant challenges including price sensitivity in a sector characterized by thin margins and intense competition, particularly for residential and small commercial projects where buyers prioritize lowest cost over technology sophistication or quality assurance. Customer fragmentation across thousands of developers, contractors, and suppliers requires expensive sales and marketing efforts to achieve market penetration. Resistance to change from stakeholders comfortable with traditional methods and skeptical of technology investments creates adoption barriers requiring substantial education and proof of value.
Working capital constraints facing construction companies and delayed payment cycles common in real estate and infrastructure projects create cash flow challenges for technology providers operating on subscription or transaction-based revenue models. Operational complexity in managing physical assets, inventory, logistics, and field operations for companies like Infra.Market or Brick&Bolt requires capabilities beyond pure software development, increasing capital requirements and execution risks.
Despite these challenges, India’s construction technology sector demonstrates remarkable vitality, innovation, and growth potential. The companies profiled here represent diverse approaches including massive marketplace platforms connecting buyers and sellers, specialized software for project management and monitoring, artificial intelligence-powered analytics and automation, and integrated service providers combining technology with execution. As Indian construction continues evolving toward greater professionalism, transparency, and efficiency, technology adoption will accelerate, creating sustained opportunities for companies that deliver genuine value while navigating the sector’s inherent complexity and competitive intensity. The next several years will determine which current leaders maintain their positions and which emerging innovators successfully challenge established players through breakthrough technologies or superior execution.
